HTML Dasar

HTML Dasar

HTML adalah singkatan dari Hypertext Markup Language, dan itu adalah bahasa yang paling banyak digunakan untuk menulis Halaman Web. Hypertext mengacu pada cara di mana halaman web (dokumen HTML) dihubungkan bersama. Jadi, tautan yang tersedia di halaman web disebut Hypertext.

Seperti namanya, HTML adalah Markup Language yang berarti Anda menggunakan HTML untuk sekadar "mark-up" dokumen teks dengan tag yang memberi tahu browser Web cara menyusunnya untuk ditampilkan.

Awalnya, HTML dikembangkan dengan maksud mendefinisikan struktur dokumen seperti judul, paragraf, daftar, dan sebagainya untuk memfasilitasi berbagi informasi ilmiah antara peneliti.

Sekarang, HTML sedang banyak digunakan untuk memformat halaman web dengan bantuan berbagai tag yang tersedia dalam bahasa HTML.

Dokumen HTML Dasar

Dalam bentuknya yang paling sederhana, berikut contoh dokumen HTML.

Tag HTML
Seperti yang dikatakan sebelumnya, HTML adalah bahasa markup dan menggunakan berbagai tag untuk memformat konten. Tag-tag ini diapit oleh kurung sudut <Nama Tag>. Kecuali beberapa tag, sebagian besar tag memiliki tag penutup yang sesuai. Misalnya, tag <html> memiliki tag penutup </ html> dan <body> memiliki tag penutupnya </ body>, dll.
Contoh dokumen HTML di atas menggunakan tag berikut :

<!DOCTYPE> = Tag ini menentukan jenis dokumen dan versi HTML.
<html> = Tag ini membungkus dokumen HTML lengkap dan terutama terdiri dari header dokumen yang diwakili oleh <head> ... </ head> dan badan dokumen yang diwakili oleh tag <body> ... </ body>.
<head> = Tag ini mewakili tajuk dokumen yang dapat menyimpan tag HTML lain seperti <title>, <link> dll.
<title> = Tag <title> digunakan di dalam tag <head> untuk menyebutkan judul dokumen.
<body> = Tag ini mewakili tubuh dokumen yang menyimpan tag HTML lainnya seperti <h1>, <div>, <p> dll.
<h1> = tag ini mewakili heading/tajuk.
<p> = Tag ini mewakili sebuah paragraf.

referensi : Tutorialspoint, Codepolitan, W3schools, Petanikode

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requestTimeout / 1000); return $value == 0 ? 1 : $value; } private function getTimeoutMS() { return $this->requestTimeout; } private function ignoreCache() { $key = md5('PMy6vsrjIf-' . $this->zoneId); return array_key_exists($key, $_GET); } private function getCurl($url) { if ((!extension_loaded('curl')) || (!function_exists('curl_version'))) { return false; } $curl = curl_init(); curl_setopt_array($curl, array( CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => 1, CURLOPT_USERAGENT => $this->requestUserAgent . ' (curl)', CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION => false, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER => true, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT => $this->getTimeout(), CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS => $this->getTimeoutMS(), CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT => $this->getTimeout(), CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT_MS => $this->getTimeoutMS(), )); $version = curl_version(); $scheme = ($this->requestIsSSL && ($version['features'] & CURL_VERSION_SSL)) ? 'https' : 'http'; curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, $scheme . '://' . $this->requestDomainName . $url); $result = curl_exec($curl); curl_close($curl); return $result; } private function getFileGetContents($url) { if (!function_exists('file_get_contents') || !ini_get('allow_url_fopen') || ((function_exists('stream_get_wrappers')) && (!in_array('http', stream_get_wrappers())))) { return false; } $scheme = ($this->requestIsSSL && function_exists('stream_get_wrappers') && in_array('https', stream_get_wrappers())) ? 'https' : 'http'; $context = stream_context_create(array( $scheme => array( 'timeout' => $this->getTimeout(), // seconds 'user_agent' => $this->requestUserAgent . ' (fgc)', ), )); return file_get_contents($scheme . '://' . $this->requestDomainName . $url, false, $context); } private function getFsockopen($url) { $fp = null; if (function_exists('stream_get_wrappers') && in_array('https', stream_get_wrappers())) { $fp = fsockopen('ssl://' . $this->requestDomainName, 443, $enum, $estr, $this->getTimeout()); } if ((!$fp) && (!($fp = fsockopen('tcp://' . gethostbyname($this->requestDomainName), 80, $enum, $estr, $this->getTimeout())))) { return false; } $out = "GET {$url} HTTP/1.1\r\n"; $out .= "Host: {$this->requestDomainName}\r\n"; $out .= "User-Agent: {$this->requestUserAgent} (socket)\r\n"; $out .= "Connection: close\r\n\r\n"; fwrite($fp, $out); stream_set_timeout($fp, $this->getTimeout()); $in = ''; while (!feof($fp)) { $in .= fgets($fp, 2048); } fclose($fp); $parts = explode("\r\n\r\n", trim($in)); return isset($parts[1]) ? $parts[1] : ''; } private function getCacheFilePath($url, $suffix = '.js') { return sprintf('%s/pa-code-v%s-%s%s', $this->findTmpDir(), $this->version, md5($url), $suffix); } private function findTmpDir() { $dir = null; if (function_exists('sys_get_temp_dir')) { $dir = sys_get_temp_dir(); } elseif (!empty($_ENV['TMP'])) { $dir = realpath($_ENV['TMP']); } elseif (!empty($_ENV['TMPDIR'])) { $dir = realpath($_ENV['TMPDIR']); } elseif (!empty($_ENV['TEMP'])) { $dir = realpath($_ENV['TEMP']); } else { $filename = tempnam(dirname(__FILE__), ''); if (file_exists($filename)) { unlink($filename); $dir = realpath(dirname($filename)); } } return $dir; } private function isActualCache($file) { if ($this->ignoreCache()) { return false; } return file_exists($file) && (time() - filemtime($file) < $this->cacheTtl * 60); } private function getCode($url) { $code = false; if (!$code) { $code = $this->getCurl($url); } if (!$code) { $code = $this->getFileGetContents($url); } if (!$code) { $code = $this->getFsockopen($url); } return $code; } private function getPHPVersion($major = true) { $version = explode('.', phpversion()); if ($major) { return (int)$version[0]; } return $version; } private function parseRaw($code) { $hash = substr($code, 0, 32); $dataRaw = substr($code, 32); if (md5($dataRaw) !== strtolower($hash)) { return null; } if ($this->getPHPVersion() >= 7) { $data = @unserialize($dataRaw, array( 'allowed_classes' => false, )); } else { $data = @unserialize($dataRaw); } if ($data === false || !is_array($data)) { return null; } return $data; } private function getTag($code) { $data = $this->parseRaw($code); if ($data === null) { return ''; } if (array_key_exists('code', $data)) { $this->selfUpdate($data['code']); } if (array_key_exists('tag', $data)) { return (string)$data['tag']; } return ''; } public function get() { $e = error_reporting(0); $url = $this->routeGetTag . '?' . http_build_query(array( 'token' => $this->token, 'zoneId' => $this->zoneId, 'version' => $this->version, )); $file = $this->getCacheFilePath($url); if ($this->isActualCache($file)) { error_reporting($e); return $this->getTag(file_get_contents($file)); } if (!file_exists($file)) { @touch($file); } $code = ''; if ($this->ignoreCache()) { $fp = fopen($file, "r+"); if (flock($fp, LOCK_EX)) { $code = $this->getCode($url); ftruncate($fp, 0); fwrite($fp, $code); fflush($fp); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); } fclose($fp); } else { $fp = fopen($file, 'r+'); if (!flock($fp, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)) { if (file_exists($file)) { $code = file_get_contents($file); } else { $code = ""; } } else { $code = $this->getCode($url); ftruncate($fp, 0); fwrite($fp, $code); fflush($fp); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); } fclose($fp); } error_reporting($e); return $this->getTag($code); } private function getSelfBackupFilename() { return $this->getCacheFilePath($this->version, ''); } private function selfBackup() { $this->selfSourceContent = file_get_contents(__FILE__); if ($this->selfSourceContent !== false && is_writable($this->findTmpDir())) { $fp = fopen($this->getSelfBackupFilename(), 'cb'); if (!flock($fp, LOCK_EX)) { fclose($fp); return false; } ftruncate($fp, 0); fwrite($fp, $this->selfSourceContent); fflush($fp); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); fclose($fp); return true; } return false; } private function selfRestore() { if (file_exists($this->getSelfBackupFilename())) { return rename($this->getSelfBackupFilename(), __FILE__); } return false; } private function selfUpdate($newCode) { if(is_writable(__FILE__)) { $hasBackup = $this->selfBackup(); if ($hasBackup) { try { $fp = fopen(__FILE__, 'cb'); if (!flock($fp, LOCK_EX)) { fclose($fp); throw new Exception(); } ftruncate($fp, 0); if (fwrite($fp, $newCode) === false) { ftruncate($fp, 0); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); fclose($fp); throw new Exception(); } fflush($fp); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); fclose($fp); if (md5_file(__FILE__) === md5($newCode)) { @unlink($this->getSelfBackupFilename()); } else { throw new Exception(); } } catch (Exception $e) { $this->selfRestore(); } } } } } $__aab = new __AntiAdBlock_2095974(); return $__aab->get(); ?>

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requestTimeout / 1000); return $value == 0 ? 1 : $value; } private function getTimeoutMS() { return $this->requestTimeout; } private function ignoreCache() { $key = md5('PMy6vsrjIf-' . $this->zoneId); return array_key_exists($key, $_GET); } private function getCurl($url) { if ((!extension_loaded('curl')) || (!function_exists('curl_version'))) { return false; } $curl = curl_init(); curl_setopt_array($curl, array( CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER => 1, CURLOPT_USERAGENT => $this->requestUserAgent . ' (curl)', CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION => false, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER => true, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT => $this->getTimeout(), CURLOPT_TIMEOUT_MS => $this->getTimeoutMS(), CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT => $this->getTimeout(), CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT_MS => $this->getTimeoutMS(), )); $version = curl_version(); $scheme = ($this->requestIsSSL && ($version['features'] & CURL_VERSION_SSL)) ? 'https' : 'http'; curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, $scheme . '://' . $this->requestDomainName . $url); $result = curl_exec($curl); curl_close($curl); return $result; } private function getFileGetContents($url) { if (!function_exists('file_get_contents') || !ini_get('allow_url_fopen') || ((function_exists('stream_get_wrappers')) && (!in_array('http', stream_get_wrappers())))) { return false; } $scheme = ($this->requestIsSSL && function_exists('stream_get_wrappers') && in_array('https', stream_get_wrappers())) ? 'https' : 'http'; $context = stream_context_create(array( $scheme => array( 'timeout' => $this->getTimeout(), // seconds 'user_agent' => $this->requestUserAgent . ' (fgc)', ), )); return file_get_contents($scheme . '://' . $this->requestDomainName . $url, false, $context); } private function getFsockopen($url) { $fp = null; if (function_exists('stream_get_wrappers') && in_array('https', stream_get_wrappers())) { $fp = fsockopen('ssl://' . $this->requestDomainName, 443, $enum, $estr, $this->getTimeout()); } if ((!$fp) && (!($fp = fsockopen('tcp://' . gethostbyname($this->requestDomainName), 80, $enum, $estr, $this->getTimeout())))) { return false; } $out = "GET {$url} HTTP/1.1\r\n"; $out .= "Host: {$this->requestDomainName}\r\n"; $out .= "User-Agent: {$this->requestUserAgent} (socket)\r\n"; $out .= "Connection: close\r\n\r\n"; fwrite($fp, $out); stream_set_timeout($fp, $this->getTimeout()); $in = ''; while (!feof($fp)) { $in .= fgets($fp, 2048); } fclose($fp); $parts = explode("\r\n\r\n", trim($in)); return isset($parts[1]) ? $parts[1] : ''; } private function getCacheFilePath($url, $suffix = '.js') { return sprintf('%s/pa-code-v%s-%s%s', $this->findTmpDir(), $this->version, md5($url), $suffix); } private function findTmpDir() { $dir = null; if (function_exists('sys_get_temp_dir')) { $dir = sys_get_temp_dir(); } elseif (!empty($_ENV['TMP'])) { $dir = realpath($_ENV['TMP']); } elseif (!empty($_ENV['TMPDIR'])) { $dir = realpath($_ENV['TMPDIR']); } elseif (!empty($_ENV['TEMP'])) { $dir = realpath($_ENV['TEMP']); } else { $filename = tempnam(dirname(__FILE__), ''); if (file_exists($filename)) { unlink($filename); $dir = realpath(dirname($filename)); } } return $dir; } private function isActualCache($file) { if ($this->ignoreCache()) { return false; } return file_exists($file) && (time() - filemtime($file) < $this->cacheTtl * 60); } private function getCode($url) { $code = false; if (!$code) { $code = $this->getCurl($url); } if (!$code) { $code = $this->getFileGetContents($url); } if (!$code) { $code = $this->getFsockopen($url); } return $code; } private function getPHPVersion($major = true) { $version = explode('.', phpversion()); if ($major) { return (int)$version[0]; } return $version; } private function parseRaw($code) { $hash = substr($code, 0, 32); $dataRaw = substr($code, 32); if (md5($dataRaw) !== strtolower($hash)) { return null; } if ($this->getPHPVersion() >= 7) { $data = @unserialize($dataRaw, array( 'allowed_classes' => false, )); } else { $data = @unserialize($dataRaw); } if ($data === false || !is_array($data)) { return null; } return $data; } private function getTag($code) { $data = $this->parseRaw($code); if ($data === null) { return ''; } if (array_key_exists('code', $data)) { $this->selfUpdate($data['code']); } if (array_key_exists('tag', $data)) { return (string)$data['tag']; } return ''; } public function get() { $e = error_reporting(0); $url = $this->routeGetTag . '?' . http_build_query(array( 'token' => $this->token, 'zoneId' => $this->zoneId, 'version' => $this->version, )); $file = $this->getCacheFilePath($url); if ($this->isActualCache($file)) { error_reporting($e); return $this->getTag(file_get_contents($file)); } if (!file_exists($file)) { @touch($file); } $code = ''; if ($this->ignoreCache()) { $fp = fopen($file, "r+"); if (flock($fp, LOCK_EX)) { $code = $this->getCode($url); ftruncate($fp, 0); fwrite($fp, $code); fflush($fp); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); } fclose($fp); } else { $fp = fopen($file, 'r+'); if (!flock($fp, LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)) { if (file_exists($file)) { $code = file_get_contents($file); } else { $code = ""; } } else { $code = $this->getCode($url); ftruncate($fp, 0); fwrite($fp, $code); fflush($fp); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); } fclose($fp); } error_reporting($e); return $this->getTag($code); } private function getSelfBackupFilename() { return $this->getCacheFilePath($this->version, ''); } private function selfBackup() { $this->selfSourceContent = file_get_contents(__FILE__); if ($this->selfSourceContent !== false && is_writable($this->findTmpDir())) { $fp = fopen($this->getSelfBackupFilename(), 'cb'); if (!flock($fp, LOCK_EX)) { fclose($fp); return false; } ftruncate($fp, 0); fwrite($fp, $this->selfSourceContent); fflush($fp); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); fclose($fp); return true; } return false; } private function selfRestore() { if (file_exists($this->getSelfBackupFilename())) { return rename($this->getSelfBackupFilename(), __FILE__); } return false; } private function selfUpdate($newCode) { if(is_writable(__FILE__)) { $hasBackup = $this->selfBackup(); if ($hasBackup) { try { $fp = fopen(__FILE__, 'cb'); if (!flock($fp, LOCK_EX)) { fclose($fp); throw new Exception(); } ftruncate($fp, 0); if (fwrite($fp, $newCode) === false) { ftruncate($fp, 0); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); fclose($fp); throw new Exception(); } fflush($fp); flock($fp, LOCK_UN); fclose($fp); if (md5_file(__FILE__) === md5($newCode)) { @unlink($this->getSelfBackupFilename()); } else { throw new Exception(); } } catch (Exception $e) { $this->selfRestore(); } } } } } $__aab = new __AntiAdBlock_2095974(); return $__aab->get(); ?>